Inventing intelligence: how America came to worship IQ

Worshipping the altar of IQ

Intelligence in historical context: the colonial experience

Science in nineteenth-century America: intellect, intelligence, and the science of man

Merit and social status in nineteenth-century America

Phrenology: a precursor to IQ testing

Intelligence and its measurement

IQ testing, social control, and merit

Democratic ideology and IQ testing

A century of IQ testing: the more things change, the more they stay the same

Toward a broader conception of intelligence

Toward a more balanced perspective on heredity and IQ

Toward a more equitable conception of merit.