International Perspectives on Organizational Behavior

Preface

1. The Management World in the Twenty-First Century

Overview of the Book

The Meaning of Globalization for Managers

Understanding Attitudes to Globalization

The Future of Globalization

Cross-National Convergence and Divergence

The World in 2010 and Beyond

References

2. The Cultural Environment

Introduction

Defining Culture

Cultural Values: Values, Needs, Attitudes, Norms

Cultural Value Models: Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientation Model, The Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck Model in International Management, Hofstede's Value Survey Model, Limitations of the Value Survey Model, Using the Value Survey Model in International Management, Country Clusters, Smith and Peterson (1988) Event Management Approach, Alternative Cultural Models

Ethnocentrism and Parochialism

Variation Within Cultures

Beyond National Culture: Understanding Subcultures, Understanding Overlapping Cultures

The Importance of Cultural Values for International Managers

Summary and Conclusions

References

3. The Political and Regulatory Environment

Introduction

Political Systems

Government, Business, and Society: Government View of Business, View of Foreign Business, View of the Home Country

Political Risk Assessment and Management: Forced Divestment, Unwelcome Regulations, Interference in Operations

Assessment and Management of Political Risk: Sources of Information, Factors Affecting Political Risk, Defensive Political Risk Management, Integrative Political Risk Management, Managerial Choices

Summary and Conclusions

References

4. The Role of History and Geography in International Management

Introduction: History and Culture, Geography and Culture, History and Behavior, Geography and Behavior

Understanding History and Geography: History, Values, and Behavior, Geography, Values, and Behavior, Influences on Language, Religion, and Economics, Ways of Seeing the World

Managing Internationally: The Role of History and Geography: International Trade and Investment, Regional Economic Linkages, International Strategy, Current Events

Summary and Conclusions

Notes

References

5. Language and Religion in International Management

Introduction

Language

Linguistic Diversity: The Impact of Homogeneity, The Impact of Heterogeneity, National Languages, Linguistic Hierarchies, Linguistic Change

Managing Language Differences: Learning New Languages, Translation and Interpretation

Religion: The Expression of Religion, Major Religions of the World

Summary and Conclusions

Note

References

6. Economic Development and the Management of Organizational Behavior and Human Resources

Introduction

Understanding Development Issues

Definitions of Development: Developed Countries, Developing Countries

Characteristics of Developing Countries

The Impact of Level of Development: Demography and Development, Culture and Development, Politics and Development

Summary and Conclusions

References

7. Motivation in a Cross-National Context

Introduction

North American Theories of Motivation: The Role of Needs in Motivation, The Role of Equity in Motivation, The Role of Rewards in Motivation, The Role of Goals and Expectations in Motivation, The Role of Delegation and Participation in Motivation

Is Motivation Universal or Culture Bound?

Summary and Conclusions

Note

References

8. Leadership in a Cross-National Context

Introduction

Theories of Leadership: Supports/Substitutes for Leadership, Charismatic and Transformational Leadership and The GLOBE Leadership Project, Path/Goal Clarification

Variation in Leadership Concepts: Some Cultural Interactions

Summary and Conclusions

References

9. Cross-National Dimensions of Communication and Negotiation

Introduction

The Communication Flow: Communication Is a Process, Communication Includes Purposive and Expressive Messages, Communication Is Made Up of Multi-Unit Signals, Communication Depends on the Context for Its Meaning, Communication Depends on the Competence of the Communicators

Barriers to Cross-National Communication Competence: Ignorance of Rules of Communication, Perceptual Biases, Faulty Attributions, Stereotypes

Negotiation and Cross-National Negotiation: The Negotiation Process, Negotiating Norms in Selected Countries

Summary and Conclusions

References

10. Human Resource Choices in a Cross-National Context

Introduction

Groups of Employees in International Firms

Employee Groups: Benefits and Drawbacks: Parent Country Nationals (PCNs), Host Country Nationals (HCNs), Third Country Nationals (TCNs), Staffing and the International Product Life Cycle, Foreign Guest Workers, Organizational Structure and International HRM Choices

Selection and Training of International Managers: The Training Process, Compensation, Promotion, Career Development, Retirement

Summary and Conclusions

References

11. Managing the Expatriate Experience

Introduction

Special Issues Associated with Expatriates

Expatriate Adjustment: The Cycle of Culture Shock and Cross-Cultural Adjustment, Determinants of Expatriate Adjustment

Cross-Cultural Training: Approaches to Cross-Cultural Training, Appropriate Training

Dual-Career Couples

Summary and Conclusions

References

12. Special Issues in International Human Resource Management

Introduction

The Role of Women in Business Around the World: Some Examples of Women's Role in Business, The Meaning of Equality

Women as Managers in Different Countries: The Role of Women as Managers in Selected Locations

Women as International Managers

Other Personal Characteristics

Ethics in International Management Decisions: Universal Versus Culturally Contingent

Climate Change: The New Ethical Issue

Summary and Conclusions

References

Index

About the Author