Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice

1. Introduction : why a book on girls and juvenile justice?

2. The extent of female delinquency

Recent trends : national arrest data

Self-report surveys

Delinquent careers

Racial differences

3. The nature of female delinquency

Girls and shoplifting

Status offenses

Runaways

Prostitution among girls

International prostitution

Girls and violence

Relabeling status offenses

Aggression and gender

Girls and robbery

4. Girls and gangs

Trends in girl gang membership

Girl gang membership and crimes

Types of female gangs

Moving beyond the stereotypes : the social context of girl gangs

Class and race

Crime and drugs

Reasons for joining the gang

Relationship with males and male gangs

Family-related issues

School and work

Some concluding thoughts

5. Theories of female crime and delinquency

Early theories of female delinquency

Sociological theories of (male) delinquency : do they apply to girls?

Social disorganization/social ecology theory

Strain theory

Cultural deviance theories

Cohen's "culture of the gang"

Miller's "lower class culture"

Differential association

Control theory

Labeling theory

Critical/Marxist perspectives

A concluding note

Gender roles and delinquency in girls : the beginnings of a theory of female delinquency

The women's movement and female crime

Feminist criminology

6. Girls' lives and girls' delinquency

Growing up female

Girls, parents, and peers

Girls and the sexual double standard

An overview of girls' victimization

Girls' victimization and female delinquency

Contemporary delinquency research and gender

7. Girls and the juvenile justice system : a historical overview

The doctrine of Parens Patriae, stubborn children, and houses of refuge : roots of a double standard of juvenile justice

Ex Parte Crouse

The child-saving movement and the juvenile court

"The best place to conquer girls"

The juvenile court and the double standard of juvenile justice

Deinstitutionalization and judicial paternalism : challenges to the double standard of juvenile justice

Unpopular reform?

Recent trends : finally a focus on girls, and the republican backlash

8. The contemporary juvenile justice system and girls, part I : police and juvenile court processing

An overview of the system and process

The rights of juveniles : a review of key cases

Implications of Supreme Court rulings for girls

Getting into the system

Girls on the streets

Girls at the station house

Delinquents in court

Gender and delinquency referrals

Comparing girls and boys in court

Girls, race, and the new double standard of juvenile justice

9. The contemporary juvenile justice system and girls, part II : girls in institutions

Youths in institutions : a national overview

Number of girls in institutions

Demographic characteristics of youths in institutions

Characteristics of girls in correctional facilities

Girls in detention

Girls in adult jails

Conditions for girls in jail

Girls in training schools

The inmate subculture and social system

Girls, race, and institutionalization

Deinstitutionalization or trans-institutionalization? : girls and the mental health system

10. In their own words : interviews with girls and boys on the margins

Interpreting ethnicity and gender in Hawaii : a case study

Study methodology

The youth participants

Focus group questions and session dynamics

Key findings of the study

"I thought that one of my teachers ... was against Samoans Li'dat"

"But all we da best in? : violence"

" ... they dress as hoochie mammas

you know, like hookers"

Some concluding thoughts

The "risky" lives of girl delinquents : Bottcher's California study

11. Programs for girls in trouble

Traditional approaches

Juvenile diversion

The Detention Diversion Advocacy Project (DDAP)

Gender differences

Foster care and group homes

The ideal program

Shortchanging girls : patterns within youth-serving programs

Are gender-specific programs necessary?

Programmings as if girls mattered : getting past girls watching boys play sports

Lack of validated gender-specific programs : programming and the "forgotten few"

Violence

Running away, education, and trauma

Peers and the importance of age

Recreation : beyond cheerleading

Programs for girls

Children of the night

National programs of Girls, Incorporated

Local programs sponsored by Girls, Incorporated

Policy implications and future directions

12. Conclusions.